Information security concepts, particularly concerning authentication and key establishment, are explored across these documents. The EMV source details the chip and PIN standard for payment cards, outlining authentication methods and the underlying public key infrastructure. The authentication document examines various techniques for verifying identities, including passwords, challenge-response systems, and biometrics, alongside modern identity systems. GSM authentication provides a case study of security measures within mobile communications. Finally, key establishment covers methods for securely sharing secret keys, such as pre-distribution, distribution protocols like Kerberos, and key agreement schemes like Diffie-Hellman.