**Summary: How Schema Affect Anxiety and Depression by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes**

[Watch the video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8SL2ZbWVFE)

**Outline Summary:**

1. **Introduction**

  - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes

  - Topic: How Schema Affect Anxiety and Depression

  - Objectives: Define schema, explain formation, discuss inaccuracies, and identify strategies to address unhelpful schema

2. **Understanding Schema**

  - Definition: Mental representations or beliefs about people or events

  - Examples: Traffic lights, doctor visits, job interviews, news media, flu season, stock market

  - Function: Help anticipate and interpret future situations

3. **Formation of Schema**

  - Based on interpretation and memories of experiences

  - Influenced by age, prior experiences, cognitive development, and metacognition

  - Example: Childhood experiences with a teacher or parent

4. **General Categories of Schema**

  - **Security and Abandonment**: Safety in relationships and self-worth

  - **Trust and Safety**: General trustworthiness of others

  - **Emotional Support vs. Deprivation**: Support in managing emotions

  - **Self-Determination**: Control over life and vulnerability

  - **Positivity vs. Negativity**: Optimism vs. pessimism

  - **Acceptance vs. Hypercriticalness**: Self-acceptance vs. self-criticism

  - **Competence vs. Defectiveness**: Capability vs. feeling broken

  - **Independence vs. Dependence**: Reliance on others

  - **Belongingness vs. Alienation**: Sense of fitting in vs. rejection

5. **Impact of Schema on Anxiety and Depression**

  - Negative schema lead to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and anxiety

  - Positive schema promote feelings of safety, empowerment, and self-worth

6. **Adjusting Outdated or Inaccurate Schema**

  - Schema may be outdated or based on inaccurate interpretations

  - Recognize and update schema based on current facts and experiences

  - Example: Adjusting schema about medical conditions like cancer or HIV

7. **Strategies to Address Unhelpful Schema**

  - **Identify and Evaluate Current Schema**: Understand thoughts contributing to distress

  - **Address Cognitive Distortions**: Overgeneralization and personalization

  - **Explore Schema with Fresh Eyes**: Re-evaluate old situations

  - **Schema Restructuring**: Develop new, healthier schema

  - **Notice and Focus on Positives**: Encourage a balanced view

8. **Practical Application**

  - Consistency and predictability in caregiving

  - Emotional and cognitive responsiveness

  - Acceptance, attention, and validation

  - Safety and support in solution generation

**Time Codes for Major Points:**

0:00 Introduction by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes

2:45 Understanding Schema

7:30 Formation of Schema

15:20 General Categories of Schema

23:40 Impact of Schema on Anxiety and Depression

33:10 Adjusting Outdated or Inaccurate Schema

41:50 Strategies to Address Unhelpful Schema

54:30 Practical Application

Feel free to ask if you need further details or a more in-depth explanation on any part of the video!

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