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This extensive text from "How Languages Are Learned" explores the multifaceted processes involved in both first and second language acquisition, drawing upon various theoretical perspectives including behaviorist, innatist, cognitive, sociocultural, and usage-based approaches. The authors examine developmental sequences in language learning, the influence of the first language, and the impact of individual learner differences such as aptitude, motivation, and anxiety. Furthermore, the text critically analyzes different proposals and research findings related to second language teaching methodologies, including grammar instruction, error correction, communicative practice, and content-based learning. Ultimately, it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how languages are learned and the implications for effective language pedagogy.