In this episode, we discuss the rulers and changes in the Roman Empire throughout the 1st-3rd centuries.

Sources:

The Essential World History by William Duiker and Jackson Spielvogel

Western Civilizations - by Joshua Cole, Carol Symes, Judith Coffin, and Robert Stacey

Also the works of historian Mary Beard who uses a modern day analysis of Roman History. 

In conclusion, the Romans established a civilization that still influences the modern world - laws, concept of time, society, economy, buildings, art, music, infrastructure, etc.  The Romans incorporated foreign customs and allowed provinces to rule themselves but under Roman domination.  The human consciousness and the meaning of life differed based on each individual’s circumstance as it does today; however, during this time one could be considered a Roman citizen or strive for Roman citizenship becoming a part of one the the largest empires the world had ever known.  Proving one’s devotion and duty to Rome included worshiping the Roman gods which represented the founding and the empire of Rome.  As we have seen throughout Roman history of the Republic and the Empire that dishonor was typically met with suicide and if one did not obey Roman values then they could be banished.  

For many, Rome was the center of the universe and it demanded loyalty from the citizens as state and religion were one in the same.  Although Rome demanded the worship of gods of the state, there were various cults during this time as well as philosophies including Epicurism, Stoicism, etc that shaped the human understanding and meaning of life.  Depending on the Emperor, some allowed the worship of other gods; however, the Roman gods must be served first and foremost.  As historian Mary Beard explains in her documentaries and research, there was a large Jewish population and the Christianity was starting to spread heavily during this time.  The religion was attractive because it gave new purpose and meaning to life, promising a better place and a deeper spiritual connection based on redemption.  The Romans brought their ideas and technologies that helped improve infrastructure around the empire.  The Romans did not come without their flaws as their economy was fueled and made possible by slavery.