What happens when a republic that relies on moral character also forbids any national church? We dig into the founding design for religious liberty, starting with the First Amendment’s twin protections—no establishment and free exercise—and the earlier Article VI commitments to oaths or affirmations and a flat ban on religious tests. By reading the text aloud and then setting it against the historical record, we show how the framers treated faith as a civic good while refusing to let the federal government command belief.

We walk through the Declaration’s appeals to a higher source of rights and George Washington’s Farewell Address, where religion and morality are called “indispensable supports” of political prosperity. From inaugural practices and “so help me God” to Washington’s letters promising “to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance,” the early republic paired esteem for faith with equal citizenship for every creed. We contrast Jefferson’s “wall of separation” with Tocqueville’s observation that Americans separated institutions without severing religion from civic life, and we use public customs like Thanksgiving proclamations to illustrate acknowledgment without establishment.

Finally, we fast-forward to the Fourteenth Amendment and incorporation, where state policies on schools, welfare, and public life meet the religion clauses in court. The terrain is messier now, but the compass still points to the same balance: protect free exercise, avoid coercion and favoritism, and don’t let neutrality become hostility. If you‘re curious about how the founders’ framework guides today’s hardest questions—and what’s coming next in our deep dives on free exercise and establishment—hit play, subscribe, and tell us where you see the line between respect and rule.

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