This is the audio version of a White Board Series.

Video https://youtu.be/ocE0__RrTjM?si=oYsu4v4vyunt9RMD

Insula and Salience Network https://youtu.be/XpzXkN-5ghA?si=0_3RKXe3C9aRZgER

Autism & Salience Network on 6 weeks old https://youtu.be/_JQdir0V6Cg?si=pwJUzwv4BaspWluX

Full Episode Spindle Neurons, Salience Network, & Social Behaviors https://youtu.be/FlPMVHnls-4?si=NyGyzrAknwVwNSGS

Full Episode Autism and Adaptive Responses, and exploring the mPFC, ACC, and Insula https://youtu.be/Zj3_e6ZjCGk?si=VhHRN9HG5tJGKfcE

Full Episode Autism and the Salience Network https://youtu.be/9ZbTztb3al8?si=WVv1txx39Y42l09b

Von Economo neurons (VEN), sometimes called Spindle Neurons, are the brain’s rare, giant ‘social superhighway’ cells that let us make split-second intuitive judgments in complex social environments — and in autism these cells are significantly abnormal- some increased amounts in key brain hubs, some morphological impairments like altered soma, dendrite, or cytoarchitecture (remember microtubules for this role, too). These abnormal developed VENs are pulling the salience network toward raw sensory input instead of flexible social cognition.

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00:00 Spindle Neurons Introduction, Discovery, Species

03:40 Brain Regions, Rapid Transmission, Neuropeptide Y

07:20 Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) Roles, Adaptive Responses

11:00 Insula Functions, Salience Network Hubs

14:40 Salience Network Nodes, Infant fMRI Study (UCLA 2024)

18:20 Spindle vs Pyramidal Neuron Shape, Layer 5B Location

22:00 Spindle Neurons in Autism, Lack of Adaptive Responses

X: https://x.com/rps47586

YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA

email: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com