This episode introduces Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim, two foundational figures in sociology, outlining their distinct theoretical perspectives. Marx is presented as the originator of conflict theory, positing that society is shaped by competition for resources and the exploitation of the working class (proletariat) by the ruling class (bourgeoisie) under capitalism, ultimately predicting a revolutionary overthrow. Conversely, Durkheim established functionalism, viewing society as an integrated system where each component serves a purpose to maintain stability and harmony. His concepts include social facts, the study of social solidarity (mechanical and organic), and anomie, a state of normlessness linked to societal disarray. The text highlights how these theorists offer contrasting views on the fundamental nature of society, with Marx focusing on struggle and Durkheim on cohesion.